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Pipelining in Computer Architecture offers better performance than non-pipelined execution. Speed Up, Efficiency and Throughput serve as the criteria to estimate One complete instruction is executed per clock cycle i.e. CPI = 1. Speed up = Number of stages in pipelined architecture. INSTRUCTION EXECUTION IN A 4-STAGE PIPELINE Segment1: Segment2: Fetch instruction from memory Decode instruction and calculate effective address yes Branch? no Segment3: Fetch operand from memory Segment4: Execute instruction Interrupt handling Update PC Empty pipe yes Interrupt • Principles of pipelining • Simple pipelining • Structural Hazards • Data Hazards • Control Hazards • Interrupts • Multicycle operations • Pipeline clocking. Sequential Execution Semantics: instructions appear as if they executed in the program specified order and one after the other. § Make sure different pipeline stages can simultaneously work on different instructions. • Pipelined datapath. Five pipeline stages. § This is a "vanilla" design § In fact, some commercial processors follow this design. • Early MIPS design • ARM9 (very popular embedded processor core). Because the pipe stages are hooked together, all the stages must be ready to proceed at the same time, just as we would require in an assembly line. The time required between moving an instruction one step down the pipeline is a processor cycle. How Pipelining Works PIpelining, a standard feature in RISC processors, is much like an assembly line. Ideally, each of the stages in a RISC processor pipeline should take 1 clock cycle so that the processor finishes an instruction each clock cycle and averages one cycle per instruction (CPI). Pipeline is divided into stages and these stages are connected with one another to form a pipe like structure. Instructions enter from one end and exit All stages cannot take same amount of time. This problem generally occurs in instruction processing where different instructions have different Start studying Lecture 5: Instruction Pipelining. Learn vocabulary, terms and more with flashcards, games and other study tools. A larger number of stages increases the overhead in moving information between stages and synchronization between stages. Pipelining-5-Stages-MIPS-Processor. Verilog code for a 32-bit pipelined MIPS processor. Datapath diagram with control signals is included in PDF format. Combination of gate-level, dataflow and behavioural modelling. As the pipeline length increases, the amount of work done at each stage is reduced, which allows the processor to attain a higher operating frequency. The ARM pipeline has not processed an instruction until it passes completely through the execute stage. Instruction pipeline has six stages to gain further speedup. Each stage will be of equal duration. Six stage of instruction pipelining. Fetch Instruction(FI). Read the next expected instruction into a buffer Decode Instruction(DI) Determine the opcode and the operand specifiers. Pipelining : Pipelining is a process of arrangement of hardware elements of the CPU such that its overall performance is increased. Stage 2 (Instruction Decode) In this stage, instruction is decoded and the register file is accessed to get the values from the registers used in the instruction. Pipelining : Pipelining is a process of arrangement of hardware elements of the CPU such that its overall performance is increased. Stage 2 (Instruction Decode) In this stage, instruction is decoded and the register file is accessed to get the values from the registers used in the instruction. - Take decoded signals from instruction and generate control signals. • Pipelining improves performance by exploiting Instruction Level Parallelism. - 5-stage pipeline for RISC-V: IF, ID, EX, MEM, WB. - Executes multiple instructions in parallel.

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